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The main entrance at Northwick Park Hospital
Welcome to the Murder Mile UK True-Crime Podcast and audio guided walk of London's most infamous and often forgotten murder cases, set within and beyond the West End.
EPISODE ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-THREE:
Today’s episode is about a drug called TGN1412. Successfully tested on animals, eight healthy human test-subjects were selected for a routine trial, with all of the necessary safety measures in place. But within just a few hours of the drug being administered, six of the eight would be fighting for their lives.
THE LOCATION
As many photos of the case are copyright protected by greedy news organisations, to view them, take a peek at my entirely legal social media accounts - Facebook, Twitter or Instagram.
The location of the private ward at Northwick Park hospital, where the clinical trial of TGN1412 took place is marked with a lime green cross. To use the map, click it. If you want to see the other murder maps, access them by clicking here.
I've also posted some photos to aid your knowledge of the case. These photos were taken by myself (copyright Murder Mile) or granted under Government License 3.0, where applicable.
SOURCES:
https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/apr/22/experience-i-ran-medical-trial-that-went-wrong https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/apr/05/health.healthandwellbeing2 https://www.theguardian.com/society/2007/feb/17/health.lifeandhealth https://www.theguardian.com/society/2006/mar/19/health.medicineandhealth https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2964774/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/tgn1412 https://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/news-and-analysis/will-volunteers-still-want-to-take-part-in-research-after-the-tgn1412-trial/10002179.article https://www.bmj.com/content/332/7543/677/rapid-responses https://www.outsourcing-pharma.com/Article/2007/01/29/Northwick-trial-tragedy-scientists-reveal-how-cytokine-storm-started https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/the-drug-trial-bbc-examines-what-went-wrong-in-the-infamous-elephant-men-case_uk_58ac3bd1e4b07028b703c926 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-35766627 https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=c827f92c-2bb9-4276-a160-75a415788ddc https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9226-uk-drug-trial-disaster-the-official-report/ https://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/news-and-analysis/tgn1412-lessons-learnt-the-hard-way/10002847.article?firstPass=false https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4236132/Lifelong-shadow-hanging-Elephant-Man-drug-trial-men.html https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/2917810/elephant-man-drug-testing-trial-tgn1412/ https://www.nibsc.org/about_us/worldwide_impact/tgn1412.aspx The Drug Trial That Went Wrong- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9_sX93RHOk MUSIC:
UNEDITED TRANSCRIPT OF THE EPISODE: SCRIPT: Welcome to Murder Mile; a true-crime podcast and audio guided walk featuring many of London’s untold, unsolved and long-forgotten murders, all set within and beyond the West End. Today’s episode is about a drug called TGN1412. Successfully tested on animals, eight healthy human test-subjects were selected for a routine trial, with all of the necessary safety measures in place. But within just a few hours of the drug being administered, six of the eight would be fighting for their lives. Murder Mile is researched using authentic sources. It contains moments of satire, shock and grisly details. And as a dramatization of the real events, it may also feature loud and realistic sounds, so that no matter where you listen to this podcast, you’ll feel like you’re actually there. My name is Michael, I am your tour-guide and this is Murder Mile. Episode 123: The Elephant Men of Northwick Park. Today I’m standing in Northwick Park, HA1, the furthest north-west we’ve been so far; as we’re three miles north of Ultra Electrics where Reg Christie met Muriel Eady, six miles north-east of Alice Gross’ memorial at Lock 97, four miles north west of the last gasp of Peter Buckingham and three miles north-east of the MI6 fantasist who used love to prey on the lonely - coming soon to Murder Mile. This is the Northwick Park hospital. Opened in 1970, Northwick & St Mark’s hospital is a foreboding glass-and-steel fronted facility, encircled by a ring-road and dotted with greenery as each box-like building is connected by a series of dark skyways. It wasn’t designed this way, as over time, it evolved. Covering half-a-square-mile, Northwick Park hospital has a department to cover almost every medical emergency, such as maternity, neurology, paediatrics, maxiofacial, haematology and virology, as well as an Accident & Emergency and (conveniently) an Intensive Care Unit, to name but a few. Since its inception fifty-years ago, it’s had an odd history. Simon LeBon, the lead singer of Duran Duran was a porter here; it was a location for the comedy series Green Wing, a scene for Fawlty Towers and a brutal part of the horror film - The Omen, Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet was treated here whilst fighting extradition for murder and torture, and then, it became infamous for the ‘elephant men’. Like many hospitals, a key part of its research and funding involves clinical testing. 732,000 participants take part in clinic trials across the UK every year, with roughly 5000 of those trialled at Northwick Park. Every medicine you’ve taken – from herpes to HRT, acne to angina and bilious to bum-itch - was tested on healthy human volunteers in a clinical trial to ensure that it’s safe. That little piece of paper inside your pack of pills – which we all toss away without reading – lists every side-effect of the drug; many are minor, some are serious, but almost every symptom was discovered in a clinical trial on volunteers first. These trials are not without risk, so the risk is minimised... but sometimes mistakes do happen. As it was here, on Monday 13th March 2006, that TGN1412 was first tested on humans, and although the drug was designed to save lives, it left six healthy young men moments from death. (Interstitial) One of the primary goals of medical research is the elimination of cancer. In 1984, two biochemists - Cesar Milstein and George Köhler - were awarded the Nobel Prize having developed a technique for creating artificial monoclonal antibodies, also known as ‘mabs’; proteins which latch onto the surface of cells, initiate a chemical reaction and stop the cells from dividing. In 2004, German pharmaceutical firm TeGenero was trialling a new mab to treat leukaemia, multiple sclerosis, arthritis and some auto-immune diseases. Its clinical designation was TGN1412. Like many cancer drugs before it, TGN1412 would latch onto the patient’s t-cells (a key part of the immune system) and kick-start the body’s own defences into a heightened state. The sale of antibody cancer drugs by the pharmaceutical giants currently totals £13 billion a year. There are 30 mabs on the market today and many are highly effective in the fight against the disease. One positive being that mabs are less likely to be rejected by the immune system, but one negative is that it’s hard to determine how toxic the drug might be to humans... without conducting human trials. TeGenero had successfully trialled the drug on Macaques, a monkey which is 94% genetically-identical to humans - and although sources state that Bonobos were also considered as they do share 98% of our DNA - Macaques were supposedly chosen as they were cheaper, but this cannot be verified. With the animal testing complete, ‘Phase One’ of a three-phase trial would be carried out to determine the drug’s toxicity. In a normal trial of a cancer-drug, cancer patients would be the perfect volunteers, but as TGN1412 was designed to stimulate the cancer cells instead of stopping them dividing, the study (as many clinical trials do) needed healthy patients who didn’t have weakened immune systems. Roughly 25% of all drugs do not make it passed phase one in a clinical trial, so accurate testing is vital, and to ensure impartiality, the drugs companies themselves hand over the testing to an independent. Parexel is an American biopharmaceutical service providing medical testing and trials on behalf of its clients. Founded in 1982, today it has 1900 employees across 51 countries and 84 facilities, with an annual revenue of $2.3 billion a year, having developed 95% of the top selling biopharmaceuticals. To test a variety of drugs including TGN1412, Parexel had leased a private wing on the second floor of Northwick Park hospital, just above the ICU; which came complete with two wards, ten beds and a range of monitoring equipment. All they had to supply was their own medical staff and volunteers. It was no different to any other clinical trial; the drug was approved for human testing, the volunteers were vetted, it was administered in a clean and controlled environment by medical professionals, and in accordance with a clear set of instructions by a regulatory body. It was a just very routine trial. Nothing should have gone wrong... but it would. In February 2006, eight volunteers were assessed at Northwick Park. All were healthy young men (women are rarely used as experimental drugs can cause a risk to reproductive organs), all were aged between 19 and 34, they had no health conditions, they weren’t on medications and - being ethnically diverse - they included British whites, Indian Asians, British Asians, Africans, an Australian, a New Zealander and a South African. Their medical histories were checked and their bloods were screened. For the volunteers, it was a no-brainer. All they had to do was lie in a bed for three days – eating food, watching telly and being prodded by doctors – they describe their symptoms and are given £2000. The hardest part of any clinical trial is the boredom, it’s the waiting which hurts, so many trial veterans know to bring books and music, whereas the newbies tend to play pool or learn to love Loose Women. Everyone had good reasons for being a guinea-pig. Rob Oldfield had returned from the US where he was training to be an actor and needed to repay a loan to his mother. David Oakley, a New Zealander had done two trials before so he knew the score and needed to fund his upcoming wedding. Navneet Modi, known as ‘Nav’ had done two trials too, he had completed his MBA and needed money to pay his bills and buy himself a flight back home to India, but he was too proud to ask his father. Raste Khan was a recent graduate between jobs. Ryan Wilson was a trainee plumber saving up for driving lessons. Mohamed Abdelhady known as ‘Nino’ was an Egyptian-born bar manager in need of some cash. And there were two other volunteers, who were never identified, but their situation was the exactly same. At the pre-trial assessment, the warning signs were there, that something wasn’t right. The volunteers later stated “There was no medical exam, no heart-test, no listening to your breathing, you know, normal things”. “The briefing should last 30 to 45 minutes, ours was done in 10”. “A doctor - I assume he was a doctor, he seemed very young - handed us a brick of papers and said ‘Have a quick flick through this. If you've got any questions, ask me’“. “They handed us a consent form and we signed it”. “Everything seemed rushed”. But often it’s hard to tell the difference between fast and efficient. In the briefing, the doctors reassured the volunteers that “nothing would go wrong”. As although this was the drug’s first in-human trial; they’d be given a safe dosage “scaled back 500 times”, it would be “carefully calculated to their body mass” and it would be “administered in ten-minute intervals”. As for any side-effects, “the worst you’ll get is a headache or nausea, which will be gone in a few hours". It seemed safe, and it should have been... but a small mistake can have disastrous consequences. On Sunday 12th March, the night before, all eight men arrived at Parexel's private ward on the second-floor of Northwick Park hospital. Split into two groups; David, Nav, Nino and Raste were in Trial Bay One, with Rob, Ryan Wilson and the two unidentified volunteers in Trial Bay Two. By that point, Rob had overcome his nervousness “I was enjoying myself, it felt like a weird adventure” and Ryan the plumber was playing pool "That night was a bit of fun, there was a hostel kind of vibe". The atmosphere was relaxed; David had his books lined-up to read, the Commonwealth Games was on the telly, and the eight men all ate the same pre-trial meal of cheese and crackers, and went to bed at around 10pm. The trial was expected to last for three days... but it wouldn’t even last an hour. In charge of the trial was Dr Daniel Bradford, principal investigator for Parexel – “I had been involved in more than 300 trials when I was put in charge of testing a new drug, TGN1412”. As was standard practice, this was a ‘double blind randomised trial’, meaning that six of the men would be given the drug, two would receive a harmless placebo (to act as a control), and neither the doctors, the nurses nor the volunteers would know who had been given what. The ward was medically scrubbed, the equipment was sanitised, and all of the syringes, cannulas and IV drips were fresh out of the wrapper. But again, just like the pre-trial assessment, it all seemed a bit rushed. At 7:30am, the volunteers were awoken. David was annoyed from the off “I like to wake up and have a shower, but there was no time for that”, as the clinical team had a schedule of ten-minute-intervals to keep to, “so I splashed my face with water, got back into bed and they wired me up with ECGs". David Oakley was Patient 001. At 8:00am precisely – with the cannula’s needle inserted into his right arm – an automated IV pump administered the clear liquid at a precise rate. Within six minutes the syringe was empty and David had begun reading his book, as he prepared for a very dull day ahead. At 8:10am, Nino, Patient 002 received his dose in an identical manner. But weighing 14 stone, as one of the heaviest volunteers in the group, his higher dose of 8.9ml was proportionate to his size. At 8:20am, as Patient 003 known as ‘Nav’ was injected, David experienced the most common side-effect in any drugs-trial - “Nurse, I’m getting a headache” - along with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Unable to administer a painkiller and risk ruining the results, the nurse applied a cold compress. At 8:30am, Patient 004 known as Raste was injected. By this point, David’s headache was a full-blown migraine which came in sickening waves and a pain he had never experienced before. Nino felt the same “I started to feel ill almost as soon as they had finished injecting me”, but the trial didn’t stop. At 08:40am, as Ryan, Patient 005 was injected, the wards echoed with the slow moans and groans as one-by-one, all except two of the human guinea-pigs succumbed to the same symptoms at ten-minute intervals, and those who had just been injected, witnessed the horrors they still had instore. At 08:50 and 9am, Patients 006 and 007 (the unidentified men) were injected. As David later said “they could have stopped and saved at least two of us, but they didn’t”, as every symptom got worse. Rob, Patient 008 later said “the other two in the room were already suffering, it was having a massive effect on their bodies, but still the trial continued”. And by 09:10am, an hour after the first side-effect was seen, it was only then that was the trial stopped. But by that point, everyone had been injected. Headaches had become migraines, and Nino started to hallucinate. "I felt like I had rocks in my head. Bright colours flashed before my eyes and I had a conversation with some imaginary person”. Crippled with lumbar myalgia, the volunteers were doubled over as an intense pain gripped their lower backs, rendering every possible position as excruciating as the next - they couldn’t sit, lie or stand. Gripped with rigors, their bodies violently shook like they had hypothermia, “it was like being dunked naked in the Antarctic”. Only - being soaked with sweat - they weren’t freezing, they were boiling, as a rapid fever rapt their blood, their immune system ran rampant and their core temperatures rose. Patients were bucking and burning, twisting and turning, growing sicker by the second. Terrified of the torturous pain he was in and still yet to experience, Nav tried to flee, screaming “I don’t want the money any more, I just want to get out”, only to convulse and collapse in a crumpled heap. The peaceful tranquillity of the ward was replaced by the chaos of a war-zone. Rapidly breathing with panicked screaming, nurses frantically dashed from patient-to-patient, being too few to attend to too many. With the men’s insides spewing out of every orifice, sheets were soaked in an ooze of festering fluids, as – unable to control their own bodies – hot spurts of urine soiled the beds, steaming streaks of diarrhoea spattered the walls, and - having eaten nothing since last night’s meagre meal of cheese and crackers - many of the men bought-up a litre of green bile, so much, even the nurse was shocked. Dr Bradford later said “they tumbled like dominos; the wards were chaotic as they all went into shock”. For that first hour - feeling a little anxious, hot and unable to do anything but sit and watch - Raste and Patient 007 had heard one of the doctors’ joke “well, now we know who the controls are”. Only by then, one terrifying thought must have crossed their minds - “did I get the placebo, or am I next?” This very routine drugs trials had turned into a waking nightmare... ...but for ‘the Elephant Men’ of Northwick Park, the nightmare had only just begun. By 12pm, four hours after the first symptom, Raste was still lying on his bed, feeling fine except for a rightful sense of anxiety, but being left alone “I felt like a ghost”. Around every bed, plastic curtains shielded the patients, and although he couldn’t see what was happening, he could hear their screams. At 1pm, both the placebos were sent home, as the six sickest were isolated together in the same ward. The symptoms the men had experienced that morning – the pain, the fever, the migraines and the vomiting - were nothing in comparison to what would happen to them over the next five hours. Becoming hypotensive, their blood pressure dropped to dangerously low levels, as Tachycardia shot their heart-rates from a sedate 60 beats-per-minute to a suicidal 100, 150 and even 200 bpm. With fevers spiking, their temperatures should have been about 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit or 37 Celsius, but many rose to 107 Fahrenheit and 42 Celsius - just a few degrees higher and they’d be as good as dead. TGN1412 was designed to kick-start the body’s immune system to fight off infection and disease. But with no cancer cells to fight and their natural defences in overdrive, the body started attacking itself. Having developed Lymphopenia, an abnormally low level of white blood cells, and Monocytopenia, a reduced blood cell count, their blood stopped fighting infection and carrying oxygen to vital organs. As every blood vessel in their weakened bodies became inflamed - with their red-raw sweat-soaked skin stretched taut like it was ready to rip, their purple lips bulged like botched batches of Botox and even the daintiest of little digits doubled in width - it was as if each man was being inflated from within. Inch by inch and limb by limb, the six sick men were swelling, and the swelling wouldn’t stop. Trained to inject the drugs, monitor the symptoms and to cope with a few mild side-effects, Parexel’s medical staff administered IV fluids and painkillers to the volunteers, but they were helpless in a crisis of this scale. Tragically, both the cause and the cure were listed in the brick of paperwork that the pharmaceutical firm had supplied, but - being in the fog of a war-zone - nobody saw the solution. The facts were indisputable, the patients were dying... but a blessing lay only two floors below. At 1pm, five hours after the crisis began, Dr Bradford ran down two-flights of stairs to the Intensive Care Unit of Northwick Park Hospital “and grabbed the first two doctors I could find”. Not all medical trials are held in hospitals, but – luckily - this one was. And in an instant, they had access one of the finest (but most cruelly maligned) healthcare systems in the world, packed full of a wealth of highly trained clinicians from across a wide range of specialities and experiences. These were real doctors. Even without wading through to find the solution hidden in Parexel’s paperwork, the NHS Doctors had correctly advised Dr Bradford to administer fluids, antihistamine and the steroid – hydrocortisone. By 5pm, with the patients screams now silenced, as the steaming swollen men slumped in exhausted heaps, an odd peace had descended over the day’s chaos... but their nightmare was far from over. Two hours later, the dominos began to fall. Ryan was first. Struggling to breath, his bloated body was dying and every organ was failing – lungs, liver, kidneys and heart – everything was crashing. Now fully under the guidance of the NHS doctors, Ryan was the first to be transferred to the ICU, and one-by-one, the others would be too, and as Rob was wheeled away, he pleaded “why am I being taken away, no-one is going to die are they?”, but rightly the still-uncertain doctors were reluctant to answer. At 8pm, Dr Ganesh Suntharalingam, a highly experienced Consultant for Intensive Care Medicine at Northwick Park Hospital was called in, and upon seeing the elephant men - having described his new patients as “the sickest I have ever seen” – the hospital declared a ‘medical emergency’. Flanked by specialists, wired to banks of monitors and with tubes inserted into every orifice, machines performed almost every function for the weakened patient’s bodies; ventilators helped them breathe and dialysis cleaned their bloods. The relatives were called and told to expect the worst, and someone said “it looked like one of them might die and that Dr Bradford would be charged with manslaughter”. Just after of midnight, Dr Suntharalingam called Dr Nicki Panoskaltsis, the hospital’s Consultant Haemato-Oncologist. They both agreed, this was unprecedented, no-one should ever get that sick that quick... but it can happen. It’s called a ‘cytokine storm’; it’s where the immune system attacks itself and is an incredibly rare and almost improbable side-effect of some blood cancer drugs. The solution was 1000 micrograms of methylprednisolone, a large dose of very strong steroids, and –ironically - daclizumab, a monoclonal antibody or ‘mab’ which - just like TGN1412 - binds to the t-cell’s receptors, but makes them inactive. The drugs would take hours, if not days, to show any signs of improvement, and with much damage already done, they didn’t know who (if anyone) would survive. The patients loved one’s rushed to the hospital and were shocked by the sights they saw. Rob’s mother witnessed her son “all puffy because of the steroids... the whites of the eyes were deep orange because of all the toxins" which were slowly leaking from every pore of his distended body. Katrina, David’s wife-to-be said “his cheeks were swollen, his eyes were like slits, his face was round like a big red ball, and his stomach was huge, so large, he looked so deformed and disfigured”. Myfanwy, Nino’s partner stated “the most shocking thing was seeing his lungs being pumped with air. He was covered in wires and tubes; his mouth was taped open and he had a tube up his nose drawing out this awful yellow gunk. When I saw him, I wanted to grab his hand, but there was nowhere to hold because it was covered in tapes and needles. His face had swollen horribly and his head had ballooned to three times its normal size, it was a weird purple and yellow colour, and his eyes were bulging”. In a distressed state, she said “Nino had been left looking like the Elephant Man”, and although it was an innocent comment, the tabloids ran with it, and by the morning it was a front-page news. (End) 24 hours after the trial had begun, Police informed MHRA (the drug’s regulatory body) that the ward was a crime scene. They seized everything to check for evidence of tampering, neglect and sabotage. Two days later - as their fevers dropped and the swelling subsided – having regained consciousness, four of the patients were taken off life support, but Ryan and Nino remained critical. David later said “when I first went to the toilet by himself. I nearly passed out. I'd lost 13kilos. We had no muscles. We were like 90-year-old men”. It would take weeks for their organs to repair, months for the anaemia to resolve, and for years – burdened by weakened immune systems - many were terrified of the risk of relapse, infection and even cancer, as well as being plagued with stress, anxiety and PTSD. They would all go on to live their lives as best they could, but for one – Ryan Wilson, the 20-year-old trainee plumber who was learning to drive– having also suffered from pneumonia, septicaemia and dry gangrene, his fingertips fell off, and part of his foot and several toes had to be amputated. The investigation concluded that the drug had been injected into the patients within six minutes, but it should taken an hour, that’s ten times faster than it had been absorbed in the animal tests. And with only ten-minutes between each patient, the staff didn’t have the time to fully monitor any side-effects. An initial report by the MHRA, described as a ‘whitewash’, made 22 recommendations for in-human trials, but no-one was found culpable as scientists couldn’t explain why it gone so badly wrong. Unable to cover the insurance, German pharmaceutical company TeGenero went bankrupt. And in 2009, Parexel settled out of court with all six volunteers receiving an undisclosed sum. That same year, Parexel’s CEO was awarded a bonus worth $1.8m and the company made more than $100m profit. In 2013, TGN1412, renamed TAB08 was successfully trailed in Russia. They used 0.1% of the antibody that was used in Northwick Park trail and it was infused into the bloodstream forty times slower. OUTRO: Ladies and gentlemen, thank you so much for listening to Murder Mile. If you like cake and tea, and to learn more about this case, please join me after the break. But before that, here’s a brief promo for a true-crime podcast which may be the very cherry on your Bakewell tart. Mmm. A big thank you to my new Patreon supporters, many of whom are enjoying the new exclusive podcast series called Walk With Me, and sssshhhh, secret, for a select group of Patron, a second secret podcast called Deadly Thoughts. They are: Michael Anderson, Lay-nee, Kirsty Hewitt, Linda Bond and Beth Steele, I thank you for your support, I hope you enjoyed your goodies. And a special thank you to Ngaio (neye-o), an anonymous friend and Cecilie Østergaard for your kind words and donations via the Supporter link in the shownotes. That’s very much appreciated. Murder Mile was researched, written and performed by myself, with the main musical themes written and performed by Erik Stein & Jon Boux of Cult With No Name. Thank you for listening and sleep well. *** LEGAL DISCLAIMER The Murder Mile UK True Crime Podcast has been researched using the original declassified police investigation files, court records, press reports and as many authentic sources as possible, which are freely available in the public domain, including eye-witness testimony, confessions, autopsy reports, first-hand accounts and independent investigation, where possible. But these documents are only as accurate as those recounting them and recording them, and are always incomplete or full of opinion rather than fact, therefore mistakes and misrepresentations can be made. As stated at the beginning of each episode (and as is clear by the way it is presented) Murder Mile UK True Crime Podcast is a 'dramatisation' of the events and not a documentary, therefore a certain amount of dramatic licence, selective characterisation and story-telling (within logical reason and based on extensive research) has been taken to create a fuller picture. It is not a full and complete representation of the case, the people or the investigation, and therefore should not be taken as such. It is also often (for the sake of clarity, speed and the drama) presented from a single person's perspective, usually (but not exclusively) the victim's, and therefore it will contain a certain level of bias and opinion to get across this single perspective, which may not be the overall opinion of those involved or associated. Murder Mile is just one possible retelling of each case. Murder Mile does not set out to cause any harm or distress to those involved, and those who listen to the podcast or read the transcripts provided should be aware that by accessing anything created by Murder Mile (or any source related to any each) that they may discover some details about a person, an incident or the police investigation itself, that they were unaware of. *** LEGAL DISCLAIMER Michael J Buchanan-Dunne is a writer, crime historian, podcaster and tour-guide who runs Murder Mile Walks, a guided tour of Soho’s most notorious murder cases, hailed as “one of the top ten curious, quirky, unusual and different things to do in London”, nominated "one of the best true-crime podcasts at the British Podcast Awards", one of The Telegraph's top five true-crime podcasts and featuring 12 murderers, including 3 serial killers, across 15 locations, totaling 50 deaths, over just a one mile walk.
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AuthorMichael J Buchanan-Dunne is a crime writer, podcaster of Murder Mile UK True Crime and creator of true-crime TV series. 
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